Cho \(S = \dfrac{5}{{{2^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{3^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{4^2}}} + ... + \dfrac{5}{{{{100}^2}}}\)
Chứng minh rằng \(2 < S < 5\)
Ta chứng minh \(S > 2\) và \(S < 5\).
Ta thấy :
\(\begin{array}{l}S = \dfrac{5}{{{2^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{3^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{4^2}}} + ... + \dfrac{5}{{{{100}^2}}}.\\ = 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{{2.2}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{4.4}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{100.100}}} \right)\\ > 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{{2.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.4}} + \dfrac{1}{{4.5}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{100.101}}} \right)\end{array}\)
Rồi sử dụng : \(\dfrac{1}{{n.\left( {n + 1} \right)}} = \dfrac{1}{n} - \dfrac{1}{{n + 1}}\) để thu gọn S rồi so sánh S với 2.
Tương tự khi so sánh S với 5.
Ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}S = \dfrac{5}{{{2^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{3^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{4^2}}} + ... + \dfrac{5}{{{{100}^2}}}.\\ = 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{{2.2}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{4.4}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{100.100}}} \right) > 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{{2.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.4}} + \dfrac{1}{{4.5}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{100.101}}} \right) > 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{3} - \dfrac{1}{4} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{100}} - \dfrac{1}{{101}}} \right)\\ > 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{{101}}} \right) > \dfrac{5}{2} > 2\\ \Rightarrow S > 2\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left( 1 \right)\end{array}\)
\(\begin{array}{l}S = \dfrac{5}{{{2^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{3^2}}} + \dfrac{5}{{{4^2}}} + ... + \dfrac{5}{{{{100}^2}}}.\\ = 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{{2.2}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{4.4}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{100.100}}} \right) < 5.\left( {\dfrac{1}{{1.2}} + \dfrac{1}{{2.3}} + \dfrac{1}{{3.4}} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{99.100}}} \right)\\ < 5.\left( {1 - \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{3} + \dfrac{1}{3} - \dfrac{1}{4} + ... + \dfrac{1}{{99}} - \dfrac{1}{{100}}} \right) < 5.\left( {1 - \dfrac{1}{{100}}} \right) < 5\\ \Rightarrow S < 5\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\left( 2 \right)\end{array}\)
Từ (1) và (2) : \(2 < S < 5\) (đpcm).
