Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

In late 1997, the Pacific Lumber Company was planning to cut down a 600-year-old, 61-metre-tall redwood tree in California, USA. To (21) ______ the tree, people camped in tents near it but, as winter approached, they went home.

Tree lover Julia Hill decided that she had to stay to (22) __________ the company from cutting down the tree, so she climbed it. Julia's 'home' was a 2-by-3-metre tree house where she slept, cooked meals and gave interviews on her phone. Friends visited her nightly and supplied her with food in a bucket. (23) ________ she had thought she might stay up there for perhaps a month, she stayed for much longer, nearly two years.

Julia had (24) ___________ famous all over the world. It ended on December 17. 1999. The Pacific Lumber Company received $50,000, and the tree was (25) ________ to live. Finally, Julia was able to climb down and go home.

Go Green Club

(Câu lạc bộ sống xanh)

1. Listen and read.

(Nghe và đọc.)

Mike: What are you going to do this weekend, Nam?

Nam: I’m going to attend the first meeting of my school’s Go Green Club.

Mike: Really? Can you tell me about the club, please?

Nam: Well, it was set up by the Youth Union in my school. Its aim is to improve our environment and encourage people to adopt a greener lifestyle.

Mike: Sounds interesting. What’s the first thing you are going to do?

Nam: We’re going to clean up the school right after the ceremony.

Mike: Do you have any other planned events?

Nam: Not yet, but I think we’ll organise more activities to raise local people’s awareness of environmental issues.

Mike: I’m keen to reduce my carbon footprint, but I don’t know what to do. Can I join the club?

Nam: Sure. The club welcomes all students in the area. I hope we’ll be able to do a lot to protect our environment.

Mike: Great. Can you please give me the time and place of the club meeting?

Nam: OK. I’ll text them to you. See you then.

2. Read the conversation again and answer the following questions.

(Đọc lại bài hội thoại và trả lời các câu hỏi sau.)

1. Who set up the Go Green Club?

(Ai đã thành lập câu lạc bộ Go Green?)

2. What does the club want to achieve?

(Câu lạc bộ muốn đạt được điều gì?)

3. What does Nam think the club will do in the future?

(Nam nghĩ câu lạc bộ sẽ làm gì trong tương lai?)

3. Match the verbs or phrasal verbs in A with suitable nouns or noun phrases in B.

(Nối các động từ hoặc cụm động từ trong cột A với danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ phù hợp trong cột B.)

4. Complete the following sentences based on the conversation in 1.

(Hoàn thành các câu sau đây dựa trên đoạn hội thoại ở bài 1.)

1. The club ________ by the Youth Union in Nam’s school.

2. The club members ________ clean up the school right after the ceremony.

3. Nam thinks they ________ organise more activities to raise local people’s awareness of environmental issues.

2. Read the following text and choose the best title for it.

(Đọc bài đọc sau và lựa chọn tiêu đề hay nhất.)

1. Green living (Sống xanh)

2. Green issues (Các vấn đề xanh)

3. Green products (Các sản phẩm xanh)

More and more people adopt a green lifestyle. It is a choice we make to change to a greener and more sustainable lifestyle. There are many things you can do to become an eco-friendly person. Here are some of them.

Turning off your appliances when they are not in use

This is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your carbon footprint. It also helps reduce energy bills and prevent any dangerous situations such as a fire or an explosion.

Buying products that are grown using more natural organic methods

This helps reduce the use of harmful chemicals in food. Organic food is better for us because it is safer and healthier. It also tastes better.

Cutting down on plastic use

This really helps the environment because it takes many years for plastic waste to break down into small pieces. Bring a reusable bag when you go shopping, and your own refillable bottle instead of buying bottled water.

Recycling as much as possible

This prevents pollution because it reduces the need to collect new raw materials and protects natural resources such as water and trees. So don't throw away your used household items, but sort and recycle them.

4. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

(Đọc lại bài đọc và xác định những câu sau đúng (T) hay sai (F).)

Carbon footprint (Dấu chân cac-bon)

1. Read the text and complete the table.

(Đọc bài đọc và hoàn thành bảng.)

A carbon footprint is the total amount of CO2 produced by human activities. It often also includes the emissions of other greenhouse gasses. Although calculating your carbon footprint can be difficult, you can still estimate it based on how big your family is, how much electricity your appliances use, how much you drive or fly, or how much you recycle.

Globally, the average carbon footprint per person is more than 4 tons per year. Too much CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere can cause serious problems. It can lead to increasing global temperatures and air pollution, and destroy the natural world.

It's not difficult to reduce your carbon footprint. You can do it by making your daily activities eco-friendly. For example, you can take shorter showers. The less hot water you use, the less energy is needed to heat the water. Instead of using your personal car or motorbike, you should use public transport, walk or cycle as much as possible.

These simple activities can help reduce your carbon footprint and your impact on the environment.

1. Read the text below. Then work in pairs to complete the crossword with three words from the text.

(Đọc văn bản dưới đây. Sau đó làm việc theo cặp để hoàn thành ô chữ có ba từ trong văn bản.)

COLLECT WATER TO LIVE A GREEN LIFE

Water is essential for life. Therefore, the methods of collecting water are important for meeting its growing need.

The traditional method involves collecting rainwater and storing it for later use. Rainwater is collected from a roof and sent to a container. Collected rainwater is an excellent source of water for people, animals, and plants.

There is also a new method of collecting water. It can turn the tiny drops of water in the air into drinking water. Air-to-water technology creates from air and releases it all the time. It uses the sun’s energy and works well even in dry conditions.

ACROSS

3. the mixture of gases surrounding the earth that we breathe

4. a source of power that can be used to provide light and heat, or drive machines

5. a way of living that is good for the environment

DOWN

1. the natural world in which people, animals, and plants live

2. a liquid without colour or smell that falls as rain and is used for drinking, washing, etc.

2. Read the text again and give short answers to the following questions.

(Đọc lại văn bản và trả lời ngắn gọn cho các câu hỏi sau.)

1. What’s important for meeting the growing need for water?

(Điều gì quan trọng để đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng tăng về nước?)

2. What’s the traditional method of collecting rainwater?

(Phương pháp thu thập nước mưa truyền thống là gì?)

3. What’s the new method of creating water?

(Phương pháp tạo nước mới là gì?)

B. Read the article and answer the questions.

(Đọc bài viết và trả lời các câu hỏi.)

Urban Farming

Mario Wezel is a German photographer who takes photos for National Geographic. Mario is interested in urban farming, so many of his photos show farmers and gardeners. However, urban farming is different from traditional farming. It's when people farm and garden in the middle of the city.

Mario traveled to urban farms all over the US. In Boston, one man has bees on the roof of the Lenox Hotel. The hotel uses honey from the bees in its restaurant. In San Francisco, there's a small farm next to the Giants' baseball stadium. When people watch the game, they can also buy sandwiches from the farm with fresh vegetables! And in Washington, D.C., volunteers can help in a garden at the White House.

For Mario, the most surprising urban farm is at San Quentin State Prison, in California. The prison has a garden and, once a week, prisoners can take a gardening class. They learn how to grow plants and flowers. Working in the garden is also therapeutic.

Mario's photos are all of the US, but you can find urban farms in a lot of different countries and large cities, such as Tokyo, Lima, and Perth. That's because about 3.5 billion people (half the world's population) live in cities today and they want fresh, healthy food. And more and more people think urban farming is the answer to the world's food shortages, as well as to making our cities greener and more relaxing.

shortages (n) situations in which there is not enough of something

1. Who is the photographer?

(Ai là nhiếp ảnh gia?)

2. What do his photos show?

(Những bức ảnh của anh ấy thể hiện điều gì?)

3. Where can you eat fresh vegetables and watch baseball?

(Bạn có thể ăn rau tươi và xem bóng chày ở đâu?)

4. Who can take classes in gardening once a week?

(Ai có thể tham gia lớp học làm vườn mỗi tuần một lần?)

5. How many people live in the world’s cities?

(Có bao nhiêu người sống ở các thành phố trên thế giới?)

C. C. Match the words from the article to the definitions.

(Nối các từ trong bài viết với các định nghĩa.)

1. urban __f__  a. a large area of land for growing food

2. farm _____  b. to put something in the ground to grow

3. garden _____ c. an area of land with flowers, fruit and vegetables

4. to grow _____ d. good for your body

5. volunteers _____ e. good for mental health

6. therapeutic _____ f. in the city

7. healthy _____ g. people who work for free

1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow.

(Đọc văn bản và thực hiện các nhiệm vụ tiếp theo.)

There are many things you can do to help reduce plastic pollution. Firstly, you should reduce your use of plastic. You should avoid single-use plastic products such as straws or takeaway coffee cups. Instead, choose reusable products made from bamboo or metal. Besides, you should use strong, reusable shopping bags made from other materials rather than plastic. Secondly, you should reuse plastic. If you have plastic items, make sure you use them many times. For example, you can refill water bottles and reuse lunch boxes. Finally, you should recycle plastic whenever you can. Before you buy anything sold in plastic, check the recycling symbols. Always try to recycle plastic items instead of throwing them away in the rubbish bin. Remember that there are many things that are made from recycled plastic.

A. Match the highlighted words in the text with the meanings.

(Nối các từ được tô sáng trong văn bản với các nghĩa dưới đây.)

B. Choose the best answers.

(Chọn những câu trả lời đúng nhất.)

1. What is the text mainly about?

(Văn bản chủ yếu nói về điều gì?)

A. The causes of plastic pollution

(Những nguyên nhân gây ô nhiễm nhựa)

B. The possible solutions to plastic pollution

(Những giải pháp khả thi cho ô nhiễm nhựa)

C. The effects of plastic pollution

(Ảnh hưởng của ô nhiễm nhựa)

2. What should you do before you buy plastic items?

(Bạn nên làm gì trước khi mua đồ nhựa?)

A. Look for the recycling symbols

(Tìm kiếm các ký hiệu tái chế)

B. Bring a reusable bag

(Mang theo một chiếc túi có thể tái sử dụng)

C. Recycle household items

(Tái chế các vật dụng trong nhà)

2. Read the text and choose the best answers.

(Đọc văn bản và chọn câu trả lời đúng nhất.)

The most obvious advantage of living green is that it helps reduce environmental pollution. This is done by practising the 3Rs. The first R means choosing products very carefully to reduce waste as much as possible. Reusing involves the repeated use of items. The third R is about separating materials that can be recycled and later used for a new purpose.

There are also economic benefits to living green. Reducing the use of energy and water can help save money on household bills. Furthermore, reusing products and materials is another way to make saving. It helps save on production costs since creating new products wastes materials and is expensive. Recycled products also last longer than new ones, making them a better and more eco-friendly option.

Lastly, going green offers health benefits. It reduces air pollutants by making the air we breathe cleaner and healthier. This means fewer diseases and doctor's appointments. Another way to improve your health is to purchase organic foods and green products for your household. They don't use harmful chemicals that can lead to health issues. In turn, you are also supporting responsible farming methods that protect the environment.

1. What is the main idea of the text?

A. The pros of a green lifestyle.

B. Difficulties in adopting a green lifestyle.

C. Trends in green living.

2. According to the text, how can we practise the 3Rs?

A. By reducing waste as much as possible

B. By reusing and recycling items

C. By doing both A and B above

3. Which of the following is NOT given in the text as a benefit of living green?

A. health benefit

B. economic benefit

C. community benefit

4. The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to _________.

A. creating new products

B. reusing products

C. making savings

5. The word 'purchase' in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to_________.

A. exchange

B. sell

C. buy

2. Read the text and choose the best answers. (5 pts)

(Đọc văn bản và chọn câu trả lời đúng nhất (5 điểm).)

35. What's the main idea of the text?

(Ý chính của văn bản là gì?)

A. The importance of forests and solutions to deforestation

(Tầm quan trọng của rừng và giải pháp chống phá rừng)

B. The importance of forests and the problem of deforestation

(Tầm quan trọng của rừng và vấn đề mất rừng)

C. The causes and effects of deforestation

(Nguyên nhân và tác hại của việc phá rừng)

D. The causes of and solutions to deforestation

(Nguyên nhân và giải pháp cho nạn phá rừng)

36. According to the text, how many people are employed in the forest industry?

 (Theo văn bản, có bao nhiêu người được tuyển dụng trong ngành lâm nghiệp?)

A. About 17 million people (Khoảng 17 triệu người)              

B. Over 31 million people (Trên 31 triệu người)

C. More than 41 million people (Hơn 41 triệu người)       

D. No more than 13 million people (Không quá 13 triệu người)

37. The word 'absorbing’ in paragraph 1 mostly means ________.

(Từ 'hấp thụ' trong đoạn 1 chủ yếu có nghĩa là ________.)

A. taking in (đưa vào)                                      

B. taking off (cất cánh)

C. increasing (tăng)                                    

D. reducing (giảm)

38. What does the word ‘this' in paragraph 2 refer to?

(Từ ‘this’ trong đoạn 2 ám chỉ điều gì?)

A. the world (thế giới)      

B. the forest (rừng)      

C. farming (trồng trọt)         

D. deforestation (phá rừng)

39. Which of the following is not mentioned in the textos a cause of deforestation?

(Điều nào sau đây không được đề cập trong văn bản là nguyên nhân dẫn đến phá rừng?)

A. Wood trade (Buôn bán gỗ)                     

B. Climate change (Biến đổi khí hậu)

C. Illegal hunting (Săn bắt trái phép)                   

D. Farming (Trồng trọt)

1. Read the text and choose the best answers.

(Đọc văn bản và chọn câu trả lời đúng nhất.)

Education for Nature Vietnam (ENV) is a Vietnamese non-governmental organisation.  It was set up in 2000 by a group of young Vietnamese people. It (1)_______ to stop the illegal wildlife trade in Viet Nam through (2) _______.

Much of the work of ENV focuses on stopping wildlife trade by (3) _______ public awareness through school taks, public events, and social media. It also involves the public by providing a special phone line (4) _______ people can report cases of trading animal parts or arresting animals illegally.

ENV has grown into one of the biggest environmental (5) _______ in Viet Nam with 30 staff and more than 7500 volunteers around the country. It has succeeded in returning over 300 wild animals to their natural habitats and (6) _______ many cases of wildlife trade in the country.

1.

A. aims         

B. likes             

C. reaches               

D. goes

2.

A. trade         

B. education      

C. climate change    

D.human activities

3.

A. declining     

B. rising            

C. decreasing            

D. raising

4.

A. so that       

B. such that       

C. in order to          

D. with a view to

5.

A. offices         

B. organisations  

C. stations               

D. systems

6.

A. protecting   

B. confusing       

C. identifying          

D. encouraging

 2. Read the text and choose the best answers.

(Đọc văn bản và chọn câu trả lời đúng nhất.)

The saola is one of the rarest large animals on earth. It was discovered by Ministry of  Forestry of  Viet Nam and WWF in the Vu Quang Nature Reserve in 1992. Adult saolas weigh 80-100 kg and both females and males have long, gently curving horns, red and brown fur and an unusual pattern of white markings on the head.

This beautiful animal is found only in Laos and Viet Nam, along the shared border of the two countries. It lives in deep, wild forests which are not damaged by human activities. Because the saola is unique and very rare, it is impossible to know its exact population. Based on information from local villagers and images by photographers, researchers estimate that there are fewer than 750 saolas, and the number is declining due to illegal hunting and habitat loss.

To save the saola, some natural scientists think that we must rescue surviving individuals and provide a protected habitat for them. The last saola must be found caught and taken to the animal breeding centres, where they can produce young animals. Strict punishment should be applied to illegal hunting of the saola so that the rare, beautiful animal can survive.

1. What is the main idea of the text?

A. The saola can't survive in the wild and nothing can be done to save them.

B. The soola is an endangered animal that needs to be protected to survive.

C. The soola habitat is destroyed by local villagers and photographers.

D. The saola's population is declining because of human activities. 

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of scola?

A. long horns

B. white markings 

C. a big head

D. red and brow fur

3. The word 'pattern' mostly means______.

A. a regular arrangements of lines, shapes, or colours

B. an unusual shape

C. a part of an animal's body

D. a strange line on animal's body

4. According to the text, the population of the saola is __________.

A. rising

B. stable

C. falling

D. unchanged

5. What can be inferred from the text?

A. This endangered animal can be saved in the nature reserve.

B. Everyone wants to take photos of this boautiful animal.

C. It will be very difficult to save this endangered animal.

D. The saola is the most beautiful animal in the world.

a. Read the article quickly and choose what’s discussed in the article.

(Đọc nhanh bài viết và chọn nội dung được thảo luận trong bài viết.)

1. The benefits of replacing plastic with other materials

2. The problems we might have when trying to ban plastic

Would Banning Plastic Help the Environment?

First, let’s talk about why we might want to ban plastic. Most plastic products will remain on Earth for hundreds of years, and we produce about 380 million tons of plastic every year. Only 9% is recycled, and the rest ends up in landfills, and oceans.*

Plastic pollution is one of our most serious problems, and many countries are thinking about banning plastic, especially single-use packaging. However, it would be impossible to ban plastic completely. The truth is, plastic is everywhere. Without plastic, you would need to buy water, milk, etc. in glass bottles or cartons. Your meat and fish would be wrapped in paper or leaves. Lots of food wouldn’t remain fresh for as long as when they’re wrapped in plastic, and we might waste more food. And while glass and paper can be recycled many times, we need lots of energy to produce them.

What about plastic that can be composted? If they can be composted, they should be better for the environment, right? Not really. This type of plastic can only be composted in industrial conditions. You can’t do it in your backyard!

So, the answer is, if we just replaced plastic with other materials and never reused them, it wouldn’t be much better for the environment. The best solution is to reuse everything as many times as possible and reduce our dependence on plastic.

*according to Plastic Oceans

b. Now, read the article again and answer the questions below.

(Bây giờ, hãy đọc lại bài viết và trả lời các câu hỏi bên dưới.)

1. How much plastic is produced each year?

(Bao nhiêu nhựa được sản xuất mỗi năm?)

____________________________________________________________

2. What problem would we have if we stopped using plastic to wrap food?

(Chúng ta sẽ gặp vấn đề gì nếu chúng ta ngừng sử dụng nhựa để bọc thực phẩm?)

____________________________________________________________

3. What’s a disadvantage of using glass or paper compared to plastic?

(Nhược điểm của việc sử dụng thủy tinh hoặc giấy so với nhựa là gì?)

____________________________________________________________

4. Can compostable plastic be composted at home?

(Có thể ủ phân nhựa tại nhà được không?)

____________________________________________________________

5. What’s the best way to help solve plastic pollution?

(Cách tốt nhất để giúp giải quyết ô nhiễm nhựa là gì?)

____________________________________________________________

a. Read Paul’s essay and answer the questions.

(Đọc bài luận của Paul và trả lời các câu hỏi.)

1. In which paragraph did Paul mention the water pollution effect?

2. Did he give any suggestions to solve pollution?

b. Read and answer the questions.

(Đọc và trả lời câu hỏi.)

1. What does water pollution affect?

(Ô nhiễm nguồn nước ảnh hưởng gì?)

____________________________________________________________

2. What kinds of water sources are polluted?

(Các loại nguồn nước bị ô nhiễm?)

____________________________________________________________

3. What does polluted lake water affect?

(Nước hồ ô nhiễm ảnh hưởng gì?)

____________________________________________________________

4. What should people do with used cooking oil?

(Mọi người nên làm gì với dầu ăn đã qua sử dụng?)

____________________________________________________________

5. What can the government do to help the environment?

(Mọi người nên làm gì với dầu ăn đã qua sử dụng?)

____________________________________________________________

For each question, choose the correct answer.
(Đối với mỗi câu hỏi, hãy chọn câu trả lời đúng.)

How to help improve local environment

There are many things people can do to improve their local environment. Families should make sure that glass, paper, and other recyclables are put into the right bins for recycling. If your neighborhood doesn’t have a recycling program, ask your mayor to start one. It’d be easier for everyone to recycle their trash if there were drop-off locations near their house or if they could leave their trash outside for pickup. Stores can also help solve environmental problems. They should stop giving single-use plastic bags to their customers and sell reusable bags. If people had to buy reusable bags, they would start to bring their own bags. Stores should also use less packaging for food items. Lots of fruit and vegetables don’t need to be wrapped in plastic. Schools and businesses should try to use less electricity because electrical power plants can cause a lot of pollution. Use fans and open windows when you can to save electricity. Or try to set the air conditioner temperature to around 24-27 degrees Celsius and not too low like 18 degrees. Everyone will still feel comfortable, and the air conditioners won’t use as much electricity. Schools should stop selling plastic bottles in their cafeterias and ask students to bring reusable bottles. Teachers can organize clean-ups around the school or in parks. Students should bring reusable water bottles to school and try to use less paper.
1. Families should …
A. start recycling programs in their neighborhoods.
B. recycle their household trash.
C. leave their glass and paper outside for recycling.
2. How can stores help make the environment better?
A. ask their customers to bring their own bags
B. make their customers pay for plastic bags
C. reduce food packaging
3. What can schools and businesses do to save electricity?
A. use air conditioners at a higher temperature
B. open windows and only use fans
C. use air conditioners at between 18 and 27 degrees
4. What should schools do to help the environment?
A. give lessons about the local environment

B. encourage students to use their own bottles
C. ask teachers and students to clean up parks
5. What would be the best conclusion for this article?
A. Environmental issues are one of the biggest problems we face today.
B. Recycling is the best way to improve things.
C. If we all do our best to improve things, the local environment will be cleaner and less polluted.

The people below are looking for a place to go for their next vacation. There are descriptions of four tourist destinations. Decide which place would be the most suitable for the people below.

(Những người dưới đây đang tìm kiếm một nơi để đi cho kỳ nghỉ tiếp theo của họ. Có mô tả về bốn địa điểm du lịch. Quyết định xem nơi nào sẽ phù hợp nhất cho những người bên dưới.)

3. Read the article and decide if each of the statements (1-5) is T (true), F (false) or DS (doesn't say).

(Đọc bài báo và quyết định xem mỗi câu (1-5) là T (đúng), F (sai) hay DS (không nói).)

1. Birmingham is improving its public transport system.

2. The city doesn't have a metro system yet.

3. Many people use their bikes in the city.

4. The council will help people buy electric vehicles.

5. There are not many traffic jams in Birmingham.

Cleaning the Air...

4. Read the article again and correct the sentences. 

(Đọc bài báo một lần nữa và sửa các câu sau.)

1. The city's public transport system includes buses and metro lines. __________________________________________________________________________. 

2. The city council is encouraging people to drive their cars more. __________________________________________________________________________. 

3. The city will introduce a Clean Air Zone over the next twenty years. __________________________________________________________________________. 

4. Paying to drive in the city centre will help to increase nitrogen dioxide emissions. __________________________________________________________________________.

1. Read the paragraph and answer the questions.

(Đọc đoạn văn và trả lời câu hỏi.)

How to help reduce traffic in big cities

A Improving public transport and introducing laws to limit the number of cars are the two effective ways to 

solve the issue of heavy traffic.  B Firstly, we can improve public transport by making trains and buses 

better and cheaper. By doing this, more people will use them.  C Furthermore, it would be a good idea to introduce laws to limit the number of cars that can go into in the city centre. In this way, there will be fewer cars in the area and it will be safer and healthier for people walking in the town centre. D All in all, I believe that doing these two things allows us to solve the traffic issue and make our city a nicer place to live in.

1 In which part(s) does the writer state the problem?

2 In which part(s) does the writer give his/her suggestions and expected results?

3 In which part(s) does the writer summarize his/her points? 

5. Read the paragraph. How does the writer introduce results?

(Đọc đoạn văn. Người viết giới thiệu kết quả như thế nào?)

How to reduce your carbon footprint

Reducing the use of energy in vehicles for transport and using renewable energy are the two possible ways to reduce carbon emissions. Firstly, we should try to use as little energy as possible. This means walking or cycling as much as we can before we use public transport or our own cars. This would reduce carbon emissions greatly and have a huge reduction

in greenhouse gases, Secondly, we can use renewable energy like solar power for lighting, heating and cooking in our homes and workplaces. By doing this, we can cut down carbon emissions and save energy and money too. All in all, using renewable energy in our homes and workplaces as well as cutting down the use of vehicles for transport will lower our carbon emissions. If we have a much smaller carbon footprint, the Earth can start to heal.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet’s dominants, most-distinctive feature - the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth’s surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth’s surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

Question: The word “bias” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet’s dominants, most-distinctive feature - the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth’s surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth’s surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

Question: Which of the following is true about the ocean according to the passage?

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet’s dominants, most-distinctive feature - the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth’s surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth’s surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge number of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

Question: The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because ______.