Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning

Choose the best answer.

If he ________ me the reason yesterday, I ________ sad now. 

Choose the best answer.

She acted as if she _________ him before.

LEARN THIS! Mixed conditionals

Mixed conditionals are a mixture of second and third conditional sentences. They occur when the if clause and main clause refer to different times (past and present).

(past) If he'd read the map, (present) we wouldn't be lost.

(present) If he could drive, (past) he'd have got the job.

Tạm dịch

LEARN THIS! Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp

Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp là sự kết hợp của câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3. Chúng xảy ra khi mệnh đề if và mệnh đề chính đề cập đến những thời điểm khác nhau (quá khứ và hiện tại).

(quá khứ) Nếu anh ấy đọc bản đồ, (hiện tại) chúng tôi sẽ không bị lạc.

(hiện tại) Nếu anh ấy có thể lái xe, (quá khứ) anh ấy đã có được công việc.

2 Read the Learn this! box. Then find examples of mixed conditionals in exercise 1.

(Đọc phần LEARN THIS! Sau đó tìm ví dụ về câu điều kiện hỗn hợp ở bài tập 1.)

3 Match the two halves of the mixed conditional sentences.

(Nối hai nửa của câu điều kiện hỗn hợp.)

1 If he'd gone to bed earlier,

2 If it wasn't so cold,

3 If I were him,

4 If you hadn't been so rude,

5 If they'd remembered the address,

b she wouldn't be angry.

c he wouldn't be so tired.

d they'd be here by now.

e we might have gone for a run.

f I wouldn't have made that decision.

4 Complete the dialogue. Use the verbs in their correct form to make mixed conditional sentences.

(Hoàn thành đoạn đối thoại. Sử dụng các động từ ở dạng đúng để tạo thành các câu điều kiện hỗn hợp.)

Lee: Are you going to the fundraising concert later?

May: No, but ¹____ a ticket if I didn't have so much homework.

Lee: That's a shame. If you'd finished your homework, you ² ____ with me.

May: Anyway, isn't it sold out?

Lee: It is now - and if I hadn't seen Leo last night, I ³____ a ticket either, but he had two spare ones.

May: Why didn't you let me know? I ⁴____ the homework so late if I'd known you were going.

Lee: Well, I might have called you if you ⁵____ your phone sometimes, but you're always studying!

5 USE OF ENGLISH Write mixed conditional sentences that mean the same as the first sentence. Use the words in brackets.

(Viết các câu điều kiện hỗn hợp có nghĩa giống như câu đầu tiên. Sử dụng các từ trong ngoặc.)

1 I didn't reply because I can't hear you properly. (could)

(Tôi không trả lời vì tôi không thể nghe rõ bạn nói.)

I would have replied if I could hear you properly.

(Tôi sẽ trả lời nếu tôi có thể nghe rõ bạn.)

2 Our car broke down this morning, so we have to walk to school now. (wouldn't)

3 Beth failed her exams so she isn't at college this year.

4 Because Max didn't go to university, he doesn't have a degree. (had)

5 I didn't help with the cooking because I'm a terrible cook. (weren't)

6 The forecast isn't good so they didn't go out. (have)

7 She's afraid of flying so she took a boat. (taken)

8 He didn't help the tourist because he can't speak Greek. (would)

9 Jay isn't good at maths so he couldn't help us. (could)

6 SPEAKING Work in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer questions with What if ... ? about these imaginary situations. Use mixed conditionals in your answers. What if ...

(Làm việc theo cặp. Lần lượt hỏi và trả lời các câu hỏi với What if... ? về những tình huống tưởng tượng này. Sử dụng các điều kiện hỗn hợp trong câu trả lời của bạn. Chuyện gì xảy ra nếu ...)

1 you'd been born a boy/girl instead?

2 the internet hadn’t been invented?

3 time travel were possible?

4 you had to live abroad for a year?

5 you were asked to give a speech to your school?

If I’d been born a boy instead, I think I’d…

(Nếu thay vào đó tôi được sinh ra là con trai, tôi nghĩ tôi sẽ…)

8.2  Mixed conditionals

(Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp)

• Mixed conditionals are a mixture of second and third conditionals and refer to hypothetical situations. Remember that second conditionals refer to the present or future, and third conditionals refer to the past. Mixed conditionals occur when the time reference in the if clause is different from the main clause.

If had eaten breakfast, I wouldn’t be hungry now!

past (3^rd conditional)     present (2^nd conditional)

If I hadn’t spent all my money, I’d come with you for pizza.

past (3^rd conditional)     future (2^nd conditional)

If I could drive, I would have taken you to the station.

present (2^nd conditional)          past (3^rd conditional)

• The choice of verb forms in mixed conditionals depends on the time reference.

• If we are referring to the past in the if clause, we use the past perfect (simple or continuous) as we would in a third conditional; if we are referring to the present in the if  clause, we use the past simple as we would in the second conditional.

• Similarly, if we are referring to the past in the main clause, we use would be + past participle, as in a third conditional; if we are referring to the present or future in the main clause, we use would + infinitive, as in a second conditional.

Tạm dịch

• Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp là sự kết hợp của câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3 và đề cập đến những tình huống giả định. Hãy nhớ rằng câu điều kiện loại hai đề cập đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai, và câu điều kiện loại ba đề cập đến quá khứ. Điều kiện hỗn hợp xảy ra khi tham chiếu thời gian trong mệnh đề if khác với mệnh đề chính.

Nếu đã ăn sáng thì bây giờ tôi đã không đói!

quá khứ (điều kiện thứ 3)              hiện tại (điều kiện thứ 2)

Nếu tôi không tiêu hết tiền thì tôi sẽ đi ăn pizza với bạn.

quá khứ (điều kiện thứ 3)              tương lai (điều kiện thứ 2)

Nếu tôi có thể lái xe, tôi sẽ đưa bạn đến nhà ga.

hiện tại (điều kiện thứ 2)               quá khứ (điều kiện thứ 3)

• Việc lựa chọn dạng động từ trong câu điều kiện hỗn hợp phụ thuộc vào thời gian tham chiếu.

• Nếu chúng ta đề cập đến quá khứ trong mệnh đề if, chúng ta sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành (đơn hoặc tiếp diễn) như trong câu điều kiện thứ ba; nếu chúng ta đề cập đến hiện tại trong mệnh đề if, chúng ta sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn giống như trong câu điều kiện loại hai.

• Tương tự, nếu chúng ta đề cập đến quá khứ trong mệnh đề chính, chúng ta sử dụng would be + quá khứ phân từ, như trong câu điều kiện thứ ba; nếu chúng ta đề cập đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai trong mệnh đề chính, chúng ta sử dụng would + động từ nguyên thể, như trong câu điều kiện thứ hai.

Past regrets

(Những tiếc nuối trong quá khứ)

• To talk about past situations that we would like to have happened differently, we use the following structure with the past perfect:

I (really) wish …  If only …

I’d much rather …  I’d prefer it …

Tạm dịch

• Để nói về những tình huống trong quá khứ mà chúng ta muốn xảy ra khác đi, chúng ta dùng cấu trúc sau với thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

Tôi (thật sự) ước… Giá như…

Tôi thà… tôi muốn nó…

1  Match the two halves of the sentences. Complete the second half with the correct form of the  verb in brackets.

(Nối hai nửa câu với nhau. Hoàn thành nửa sau với dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc.)

    1  If I knew her phone number,

    2  If you hadn’t read the instructions,

    3  He might have seen the sign

    4  I’d never have believed you

    5  If there was an ice rink in town,

    6  She couldn’t have become a vet

    a  we _______________________________________(go) there this evening.

    b  if he _______________________________________(have) better eyesight.

    c  if you _______________________________________(not be) my best friend.

    d  I _______________________________________(call) her now.

    e  if she _______________________________________(not love) animals.

    f  you _______________________________________(not know) how to use the equipment.

2  Rewrite each pair of sentences as a mixed conditional sentence.

(Viết lại mỗi cặp câu dưới dạng câu điều kiện hỗn hợp.)

    We missed the bus. That’s why we’re late.

(Chúng tôi đã bỏ lỡ xe bus. Đó là lý do tại sao chúng ta đến muộn.)

    If we hadn’t missed the bus, we wouldn’t be late.

(Nếu chúng ta không lỡ chuyến xe buýt thì chúng ta đã không bị trễ.)

    1  He doesn’t like football. That’s why he didn’t watch the game.

    ____________________________________________________

    2  It snowed heavily last night. That’s why the roads are closed.

    ____________________________________________________

    3  She forgot to feed the dog. That’s why she has to go home.

    ____________________________________________________

    4  He’s not good at maths. That’s why he didn’t pass last week’s test.

    ____________________________________________________

    5  They cooked lunch. That’s why the kitchen is untidy.

    ____________________________________________________

    6  You were late for class again. That’s why your teacher is annoyed.

    ____________________________________________________

    7  She’s at the theatre. That’s why she didn’t answer her phone.

    ____________________________________________________

1. Match the sentences (1-3) to their uses (a-c). Then say which type of conditional each one is.

(Nối các câu (1-3) với các cách dùng (a-c). Sau đó nói xem mỗi câu thuộc loại câu điều kiện nào.)

1. ___ If I were you, I would switch from the petrol car to an electric one.

2. ___ If we used LED light bulbs, our electric bills wouldn't be that high.

3. ___ If I have free time this weekend, I will go to the green energy club with you.

a. real situations that are likely to happen in the present/future

b. unreal or imaginary situations in the present/ future

c. giving advice

2. Choose the correct option.

(Chọn đáp án đúng.)

1. We _____ fewer greenhouse gases if we weren't so reliant on fossil fuels for transport.

A. will produce               B. produced      C. produce        D. would produce

2. If we _____ less fossil fuel, we would create fewer emissions.

A. use                  B. used                C. will use          D. would use

3. I will attend the green energy seminar this weekend if I _____ time.

A. had                 B. have                C. will have       D. would have

4. _____ fewer environmental pollutants if everyone used hydroelectric power?

A. Would there be                        B. Were there

C. Will there be                             D. Are there

5. We _____ our dependence on imported fuels unless we use alternative energy sources.

A. wouldn't reduce                      B. won't reduce

C. don't reduce                                            D. didn't reduce

6. We would have some wind turbines here in my village if they _____ so much maintenance.

A. don't require                                           B. won't require             

C. didn't require                           D. wouldn't require

7. If _____, I would install solar panels on the roof of my home.

A. I were you                                 B. I will be you

C. I weren't you                            D. I would be you

3. Choose the option (A, B, C or D) to indicate the underlined part that needs correction.

(Chọn đáp án A, B, C hoặc D để chỉ ra phần gạch chân cần sửa lại cho đúng.)

1. We will (A) have (B) more wind turbines now if (C) they weren't so (D) expensive.

2. If (A) Mandy would be (B) prime minister next year, she would invest (C) more money in (D) tidal energy.

3. She will cycle (A) to her (B) office tomorrow unless (C) it rained (D).

4. It we will start (A) a carpool next month (B), we will be able to (C) reduce our (D) carbon footprint.

5. Unless (A) we don't invest (B) in green energy sources, we will continue (C) to rely on (D) non-renewable sources.

4. Rewrite the sentences for each situation, using conditional type 1 or 2. Write in your notebook.

1. People don't want to use fossil fuels because they create emissions.

If fossil fuels didn't create emissions, people would use them./People would use fossil fuels if they didn't create emissions.

2. Susan is ill now, so she won't attend the seminar on green energy tonight.

3. I have to work on my project on geothermal power, so I won't come to your house

4. This motorbike uses petrol, so we won't buy it.

5. Fiona wants to buy an electric bike, but she needs to save enough money first.

5. Complete the sentences using conditional type 1 or 2. Make them true for you. Tell your partner.

(Hoàn thành các câu sau sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 1 hoặc 2. Viết nó đúng với bạn. Nói với bạn cùng bàn của bạn.)

1. If I have time today, _____.

2. If I lived closer to my school, _____.

3. If I were a leader of my country, _____.

4. If I ____________________________. 

5. If _____________________________.

8. Choose the correct option.

(Chọn đáp án đúng.) 

1. If I had known about the importance of green energy, I _____ it from the start. 

A. will support                                            B. would support          

C. would have supported                          D. supported 

2. If I were elected to the city council, I _____ a push for more sustainable energy initiatives. 

A. will make                                                 B. would make 

C. would have made                                   D. made 

3. If we don't take steps to address climate change, we _____ the consequences soon. 

A. had faced                                                 B. would face 

C. would have faced                                   D. will face 

4. If we continue to use fossil fuels we _____ our planet. 

A. would have damaged                            B. damaged 

C. would damage                                        D. will damage 

5. Unless we _____ energy, the energy crisis will become worse. 

A. conserve                                                   B. don't conserve 

C. didn't conserve                                       D. conserved 

6. If I _____ you were interested in geothermal power, I would have invited you to the talk about it yesterday. 

A. knew                                                         B. have known 

C. had known                                              D. know 

9. Make sentences that are true about you using conditional type 1, 2 or 3. 

(Viết các câu đúng về bạn dùng các câu điều kiện loại 1, 2, hoặc 3.)

If I save enough money, I will purchase an electric bike to reduce my carbon footprint. 

(Nếu tôi tiết kiệm đủ tiền, tôi sẽ mua một xe đạp điện để giảm khí thải cacbon.)

If I were my sister, I would join the green living club at the school. 

(Nếu tôi là chị tôi, tôi sẽ tham gia vào câu lạc bộ sống xanh ở trường.)

Last week, if I had known about the workshop on tidal energy, I would have attended.

(Tuần trước, nếu tôi biết về hội thảo về năng lượng thủy triều, tôi đã tham dự.)

3. Choose the correct option. (Chọn đáp án đúng.)

1. David told Susan that he has downloaded/would download/was downloading/had downloaded a new AI app the day before.

2. I'm finished with this fitness tracker, how can I turn off it/turn off/it turn off/turn it off?

3. Tina says that she finds/found/was finding/ had found robotic surgery interesting.

4. Not only does Rob has an interest in AI apps, both/either/but also/so he loves to design, them.

5. Tom wants to install the art generator app, although/but/so that/ because he doesn't have much storage on his smartphone.

6. Greg said he would install a digital assistant later today/tomorrow/that day/yesterday.

7. The dietician promised/insisted/advised/ suggested me to use a diet tracker

8. If/Because/When/In case I were Gemma. I would do an internship.

9 Did you keep up with/run across/take up/ fit in anyone you know at the AI convention?

10. The teacher instructed/proposed/offered/ demanded the students to use the language translation app. 

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of conditional type 1 or 2.

(Chia các động từ trong ngoặc thành dạng đúng của câu điều kiện loại 1 và 2.)

1. Natural resources will be depleted soon if we _____ (keep) wasting energy.

2. If the company could afford solar-powered LED lights now, they _____ (be able to cut) costs on monthly electric bills.

3. If the city _____ (build) a wind farm in this area, the residents would have access to renewable energy.

4. If we reduce the harmful effects of biomass power, the local community's health _____ (improve).

5. Unless we _____ (use) renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels, the planet will continue to suffer. 

2. Choose the correct option. (Chọn đáp án đúng.)

1. If we _____ solar panels, we would get a supply of green energy from them.

A. install                                 B. installed     

C. had installed                       D. would install

2. _____ to LED light bulbs, we would not only save on electricity bills but also reduce our carbon footprint. A. If we switched                    B. Unless we switch

C. If we switch                        D. Unless we switched

3. If you were the mayor, how _____ our town more eco-friendly?

A. will you make                    B. had you made

C. would you make                 D. did you made

4. If we start producing tidal power, we _____ our dependence on non-renewable energy sources.

A. could reduce                       B. would reduce

C. will reduce                          D. reduce

5. We will run out of fossil fuels soon unless _____.

A. we invest in renewable energy sources.

B. we invested in renewable energy sources.

C. we don't invest in renewable energy sources.

D. we didn't invest in renewable energy sources. 

4. Complete the sentences using the verbs in the list in the correct forms of conditionals (types 1, 2 or 3).

• switch • play • not/develop • occur • invest

1. If humans are to solve the climate crisis, using green energy sources _____ a vital role.

2. If developments in the green energy sector _____, we will find it easier to adopt green energy on a large scale.

3. Advances in battery technology would ensure a stable and reliable power supply if we _____ to green energy today.

4. Global warming _____ into such an extreme issue if we had switched to green energy earlier.

5. If we _____ in renewable energy now, we can create a brighter and more sustainable future for future generations. 

5. Choose the option (A, B, C or D) to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the given one.

(Chọn đáp án (A, B, C hoặc D) để chỉ ra câu có nghĩa gần nhất với câu cho trước.)

1. I didn't know that product is bad for the environment and that's why I bought it.

A. If I had known that product was bad for the environment, I would not buy It.

B. If I had known that product was bad for the environment, I wouldn't have bought it.

C. If I knew that product was bad for the environment, I would not buy it.

D If I knew that product was bad for the environment, I wouldn't have bought it.

2. We switched to using energy-efficient appliances last month, so we reduced electricity waste a lot.

A. Unless we switch to using energy-efficient appliances, we won't reduce electricity waste a lot.

B. If we switched to using energy-efficient appliances, we would reduce electricity waste a lot.

C. If we had switched to using energy-efficient appliances, we would have reduced electricity waste a lot.

D. If we hadn't switched to using energy-efficient appliances, we wouldn't have reduced electricity waste a lot.

3. Sarah drives to work because there is no public transport available here in the village.

A. Sarah had to drive to work if there wouldn't be public transport available here in the village.

B. Sarah wouldn't drive to work if there was public transport available here in the village.

C. If there had not been public transport available here in the village, Sarah would have driven to work.

D. Sarah will drive to work unless there was public transport available here in the village.

4. Tom wants to install a solar panel at his house, but he can't afford it.

A. Tom would install solar panels at his house if he could afford it.

B. Tom will install a solar panel at his house if he could afford it.

C. Tom would have installed a solar panel at home if he could afford it.

D. Tom would install a solar panel at his house if he could have afforded it.

5. The energy crisis exists because we all rely on finite energy resources.

A. If we all had not relied on finite energy resources, the energy crisis would not have existed.

B. If we all don't rely on finite energy resources, the energy crisis will not exist.

C. Unless we all rely on finite energy resources, the energy crisis will not exist.

D. If we all did not rely on finite energy resources, the energy crisis would not exist. 

6. What would have happened if social media had not been created? Discuss with your friends. Make a list of ideas. Then share with the class.

(Điều gì sẽ xảy ra nếu mạng xã hội không được tạo ra? Thảo luận với bạn bè của bạn. Lập danh sách các ý tưởng. Sau đó chia sẻ với cả lớp.)

3. Match the four conditional sentences in blue in the text with the four real situations and results in Exercise 2.

(Hãy nối 4 câu điều kiện màu xanh trong đoạn văn với 4 tình huống thực tế và cho kết quả ở Bài tập 2.)

4. Read the GRAMMAR FOCUS and complete the gaps with past or present.

(Đọc TRỌNG TÂM NGỮ PHÁP và điền vào các chỗ trống ở quá khứ hoặc hiện tại.)

5. For each sentence, tick the explanations (a, b or both) that are correct.

(Với mỗi câu, hãy đánh dấu vào những giải thích (a, b hoặc cả hai) đúng.)

1. If I'd watched the Twilight films, I'd know who Edward Cullen was.

(Nếu tôi xem phim Chạng vạng, tôi sẽ biết Edward Cullen là ai.)

A. I didn't watch the Twilight films.

(Tôi chưa xem phim Chạng vạng.)

B. I know who Edward Cullen is.

(Tôi biết Edward Cullen là ai.)

2. If I was interested in Harry Potter, I'd have read the books.

(Nếu tôi quan tâm đến Harry Potter thì tôi đã đọc sách rồi.)

A. I'm not interested in Harry Potter.

(Tôi không quan tâm đến Harry Potter.)

B. I haven't read any of the books.

(Tôi chưa đọc cuốn sách nào cả.)

3. If Robert Pattinson was ugly, I might not have watched Twilight.

(Nếu Robert Pattinson xấu có lẽ tôi đã không xem Chạng vạng)

A. Robert Pattinson is handsome.

(Robert Pattinson đẹp trai.)

B. I watched Twilight.

(Tôi đã xem Chạng vạng.)

4. Pattinson and Radcliffe wouldn't be enjoying so much success if they hadn't worked hard on these roles.

(Pattinson và Radcliffe sẽ không đạt được nhiều thành công nếu họ không làm việc chăm chỉ cho những vai diễn này.)

A. They aren't enjoying success.

(Họ không tận hưởng thành công.)

B. They worked hard on these roles.

(Họ đã làm việc chăm chỉ cho những vai diễn này.)

6. Complete the sentences to make them true for you. Compare with a partner.

(Hoàn thành các câu để làm cho chúng đúng với bạn. So sánh với một đối tác.)

1. If I didn't have a smartphone, (imaginary past result) __________

2. If antibiotics hadn't been invented, (imaginary present result), __________

3. If I had been born in the USA, (imaginary present result) __________

4. If I could fly, (imaginary past result) __________

5. If I was a better student, (imaginary past result) __________

6. If my dad hadn't woken me up this morning, (imaginary present result) __________

7. If my parents were famous actors, (imaginary past result) __________

3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use mixed conditionals.

(Hoàn thành câu với dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc. Sử dụng câu điều kiện hỗn hợp.)

1. If Karen ______________ (check) her sources before submitting her article last week, she __________ (not be) in trouble with the editor today.

2. John ______________ (tell) us the truth about the school incident if he ___________ (be) an honest person.

3. If Jerry generally _______________  (take) his job seriously, his manager_________  (promote) him a long time ago.

4. If my grandparents _____________ (not/be) such generous people, they ________________ (not / help) me financially at university and I wouldn’t be a lawyer.

5. We ______________ (not / have to) take them to court now if they _________________ (pay_ the loan back on time.

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning