Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions.

We are living through a boom in greenwashing disguise business-as-usual pollution. Picture a chief executive whose company emits millions of tonnes of CO2. Genuine decarbonisation would require bruising boardroom discussions, huge capital outlays, and a complete redesign of the firm's model. Far easier is to hire a creative agency to plaster products with labels such as "carbon-neutral" or "net-zero calming critics, investors, and even eco-conscious children while emissions continue unsolved.

This tactic meets consumers at every turn. Airline websites promise guilt-free flights, petrol pumps boast zero-impact fuel, and even supermarket bacon is marketed as net-zero. [I] Advertising trickery is ancient, yet today's greenwashing - the practice of deliberately covering ongoing pollution in eco-friendly language - has flourished only recently. The expression surfaced in the 1980s amid oil spills and growing climate science, but the real explosion has come as public anxiety over global heating and biodiversity loss has intensified. Faced with mounting scrutiny, many boards prefer glossy PR to structural reform. Such corporate sleight of hand has become so pervasive that regulators in Europe and the United States are scrambling to tighten rules on environmental claims, yet enforcement still lags behind marketing creativity. [II] The fossil-fuel sector exemplifies the issue. After decades covertly sowing doubt about climate science, oil and gas giants have grasped that direct denial is reputationally toxic. They have therefore swapped their denial tactics for a "green" paint-sprayer, trumpeting token investments in renewables while expanding drilling.

Why does this matter? Greenwashing and climate denial share a core objective: to postpone the emission cuts urgently required to avert climate breakdown. [II] Whereas denial invites opposition, greenwashing lulls the public into believing problems are already solved. Under this collective illusion, pressure on high-emitting firms evaporates and the radical decisions needed to transform energy, transport, and food systems are delayed indefinitely. [IV] Greenwashing thus acts as a soothing lullaby, leading society toward ecological ruin with a tune of comforting half-truths. Exposing this deception is essential if clichés are to be replaced by real, measurable emission cuts.

(Adapted from https://www.greenpeace.org.uk)

2 Read the text. Which pieces of advice could be useful to each situation in exercise 1? Why? Which do you think is the best piece of advice?

(Đọc văn bản. Lời khuyên nào có thể hữu ích cho từng tình huống trong bài tập 1? Tại sao? Bạn nghĩ lời khuyên nào là tốt nhất?)

WHAT TO DO IN A CRISIS

Whenever you face a stressful situation, your brain sends alarm signals to your body and causes your heart to beat faster and your muscles to tense in preparation for immediate action. However, this reaction can often prevent us from thinking clearly about the best thing to do.

A good skill you can develop is the ability to react calmly in a crisis. By being aware of your body's stress response and training yourself to ignore that initial flood of emotions, you can make decisions based on clear-headed analysis.

1 Remember to breathe - this is easy to forget when you are alarmed or enraged. And breathe deeply! A calmer body helps create a calmer mind.

2 Focus on the moment - don't think about what should have been done differently. Concentrate on solving the immediate problem.

3 Think positively-positive self-talk in a crisis is often helpful. For example, telling yourself how brave you are can help you overcome your fear.

Listening Strategy

When you listen, pay attention to the words that the speaker emphasises. Usually, a speaker uses emphasis:

1 to highlight new or important information, for  example: I've lost my bag. It's a cotton bag, with stripes.

2 to contrast two alternatives, for example: Was it black or brown?

3 to contradict what someone else has said, for example: Well, that's not my bag.

Tạm dịch

Chiến lược nghe

Khi nghe, hãy chú ý đến những từ mà người nói nhấn mạnh. Thông thường, người nói sử dụng sự nhấn mạnh:

1 để làm nổi bật thông tin mới hoặc quan trọng, ví dụ: I've lost my bag. Đó là một chiếc túi cotton, có sọc.

2 để đối chiếu hai lựa chọn, ví dụ: Màu đen hay nâu?

3 để nhấn mạnh sự trái lại với những gì người khác đã nói, ví dụ: Ồ, đó không phải là túi của tôi.

1 Do the quiz below in your notebook. Do you agree with what your score says?

(Hãy làm bài kiểm tra dưới đây vào sổ tay của bạn. Bạn có đồng ý với những gì điểm số của bạn nói lên không?)

Are you confrontational? Take the quiz to find out!

1 You see someone drop some litter in the street. Do you ...

a ask them to put it in a bin?

b stop to pick it up?

c keep walking?

2 A car driver nearly knocks you off your bike. Do you ...

a threaten to call the police?

b say nothing?

c apologise for getting in the way?

3 You hear a shop assistant being rude to a customer. Do you ...

a start shouting at the assistant?

b offer to call the manager?

c pretend not to notice?

4 The person behind you at the cinema keeps talking. Do you ...

a ask them to be quiet?

b keep turning round and staring?

c try to find another seat?

5 You regularly get unwanted sales calls. Do you ...

a complain to your phone provider?

b pretend to be interested, but then hang up?

c stop answering the phone?

Mostly a's: Seeing bad behaviour exasperates you and you'd sooner face it head on. But be careful - in some situations, taking a risk could end up making things worse!

Mostly b's: You do get imitated by bad behaviour, but you'd rather avoid starting an argument. Why not try being more assertive sometimes, though?

Mostly c's: You usually feel you'd better not get involved. However, ignoring bad behaviour can make life more difficult for you.

Tạm dịch

Bạn có hay đối đầu không? Giải câu đố để tìm ra đáp án!

1 Bạn thấy ai đó vứt rác trên đường. Bạn có ...

a yêu cầu họ bỏ nó vào thùng?

b dừng lại để nhặt nó lên?

c tiếp tục đi bộ?

2 Một tài xế ô tô suýt tông bạn ngã khỏi xe đạp. Bạn có ...

a dọa gọi cảnh sát?

b không nói gì?

c xin lỗi vì đã cản đường?

3 Bạn nghe thấy người bán hàng tỏ ra thô lỗ với khách hàng. Bạn có ...

a bắt đầu hét vào mặt trợ lý?

b đề nghị gọi cho người quản lý?

c giả vờ như không để ý?

4 Người đứng sau bạn ở rạp chiếu phim cứ nói mãi. Bạn có ...

a yêu cầu họ im lặng?

b cứ quay lại và nhìn chằm chằm?

c cố gắng tìm chỗ ngồi khác nhé?

5 Bạn thường xuyên nhận được những cuộc gọi bán hàng không mong muốn. Bạn có ...

a khiếu nại với nhà cung cấp điện thoại của bạn?

b giả vờ quan tâm nhưng rồi cúp máy?

c ngừng trả lời điện thoại?

Hầu hết là điểm a: Nhìn thấy hành vi xấu khiến bạn bực tức và bạn sẽ sớm đối mặt với nó. Nhưng hãy cẩn thận - trong một số trường hợp, việc chấp nhận rủi ro có thể khiến mọi việc trở nên tồi tệ hơn!

Hầu hết là b: Bạn có thể bị bắt chước bởi hành vi xấu, nhưng bạn muốn tránh gây tranh cãi. Tuy nhiên, tại sao không thử trở nên quyết đoán hơn đôi khi?

Hầu hết là c: Bạn thường cảm thấy tốt nhất là không nên tham gia. Tuy nhiên, bỏ qua hành vi xấu có thể khiến cuộc sống của bạn trở nên khó khăn hơn.

2 Read texts (A-C) opposite. Match the texts with the titles (1-5). There are two extra titles.

(Đọc văn bản (A-C) đối diện. Nối các văn bản với tiêu đề (1-5). Có hai tiêu đề bị thừa.)

1 I've got my eye on you!

2 Brighter and safer

3 Driven to crime

4 Feeling blue

5 Politics works!

Reading Strategy

When matching questions with texts, remember that the key words from these questions may not appear in the texts. The same information may be expressed in different words.

(Chiến lược đọc

Khi nối câu hỏi với văn bản, hãy nhớ rằng các từ khóa của những câu hỏi này có thể không xuất hiện trong văn bản. Cùng một thông tin có thể được diễn đạt bằng những từ khác nhau.)

3 Read the Reading Strategy. Match texts (A-C) with questions (1-6). Each paragraph may be matched with more than one question.

(Đọc Chiến lược đọc. Nối văn bản (A-C) với câu hỏi (1-6). Mỗi đoạn có thể được kết hợp với nhiều hơn một câu hỏi.)

Which text mentions...

1 similar falls in crime in different countries?

2 a fall in the crime rate of under 50%?

3 a fall in crime that was the result of a planned experiment?

4 people claiming that they were responsible for less crime?

5 a crime prevention technique that has interested people in another country?

6 a local change that had an effect on the crime rate?

7 Use the following words or phrases to write a short summary of the text.

(Sử dụng các từ hoặc cụm từ sau để viết một bản tóm tắt ngắn của văn bản.)

• Three reports / change in behaviour / small changes in the place

•  A psychological experiment / Newscastle University // findings/people pay more / a picture of the eyes //

• Contrary to expectations / crime rate/in the 1990s // The decrease / linked to / ban on tetraethyl lead in petrol //

• the use of blue-light street lamps / report / prevent crime //

3 Read the essay. Do you agree with the conclusion? Why? / Why not?

(Đọc bài luận. Bạn có đồng ý với kết luận này không? Tại sao? / Tại sao không?)

There are many internet forums and chat rooms for young people where they can discuss their personal problems with their peers. There are both advantages and disadvantages to looking for solutions in this way.

The first advantage of the internet is the huge amount of information on it. You can find an answer to any question you have, provided that you search correctly. And no one can deny that chat rooms can be very supportive and can help you to feel better. Even if you feel you are the only person with your particular problem, you will soon realise that there is always someone else who feels the same way.

So are there any disadvantages to using the internet in this way? Although it is true that there is a lot of information online, we should also remember that it is not always accurate. Moreover, teenagers in chat rooms are not necessarily the best judges of a situation. Even if you get advice, it may not be the most helpful advice you could receive. Finally, the internet is impersonal. People who you chat to online don't know you well, so they won't understand your particular situation.

In conclusion, even though the internet can be helpful when you have a problem, I don't think it is a substitute for speaking to the people in your life who know and care about you. Young people shouldn't forget to talk to the people that they have a real relationship with.

7 Read the task below. Make notes of some advantages and disadvantages.

(Đọc nhiệm vụ dưới đây. Ghi lại một số ưu điểm và nhược điểm.)

Because of mobile phones, young people can usually contact a parent if they have a problem. Write an essay in which you present the advantages and disadvantages of always being in contact.

(Nhờ có điện thoại di động, thanh thiếu niên thường có thể liên lạc với cha mẹ nếu gặp vấn đề. Viết một bài luận trong đó bạn trình bày những ưu điểm và nhược điểm của việc luôn giữ liên lạc.)

2 Read the text. What solution did the British government suggest for a problem in the 18th century? Was it successful?

(Đọc văn bản. Chính phủ Anh đã đề xuất giải pháp nào cho một vấn đề ở thế kỷ 18? Nó có thành công không?)

The World's First GPS

On a stormy night in 1707, four ships struck rocks off the south coast of England and sank. One thousand, four hundred sailors were drowned. The ships had crashed because they had no way of knowing how far they had travelled in a particular direction; they could not calculate their longitude, which required accurate time measurement. It was the most serious in a series of accidents at sea, and a stunned British government decided to act. In such difficult circumstances, they believed that the best response to the disaster was a competition: the Longitude Prize.

The Longitude Prize was no ordinary competition. To win it, someone had to find a way of calculating how far a ship had travelled east or west from its point of departure. Geniuses such as Sir Isaac Newton had failed to find a solution, so to ensure the interest of Britain's greatest scientific minds, the government offered a prize of £20,000 - the equivalent of £2.6 million in today's money. But to everyone's surprise, it wasn't a famous academic who solved the problem, but an unknown carpenter. When John Harrison wasn't working with wood, he was making clocks. An accurate clock would allow sailors to calculate their position, but at the time it was thought impossible to create a mechanical clock that could work on a ship. The movement of the sea and the changes in temperature destroyed the delicate parts. However, after three frustrated attempts, Harrison's fourth sea clock, H4, finally triumphed. Its mechanics were so good that the H14 worked better than most clocks on land.

The Longitude Prize and Harrison's success generated a lot of interest in the 18th century, but it was soon forgotten. However, in 2013, the British government created a new Longitude Prize, offering £10 million to the person who could solve a great challenge to humanity. An enthralled public then took part in a TV programme where viewers chose one challenge from a list of six for scientists to focus on. The question now is, will someone be able to solve it just as well as Harrison solved the challenge presented to him?

3 Read the text again. Answer the questions.

(Đọc văn bản một lần nữa. Trả lời các câu hỏi.)

1 What was the situation that the British government decided to deal with?

2 What surprised people about the winner of the Longitude Prize?

3 Why didn't sailors use mechanical clocks to calculate their positions?

4 Why do you think the successful sea clock was called H4?

5 How was the challenge for the new Longitude Prize decided on?

Read the extract from a story. Circle the correct answers (A-D).

(Đọc đoạn trích từ một câu chuyện. Khoanh tròn vào câu trả lời đúng (A-D).)

The Pennine Way is a 469-kilometre walking path which runs from the Peak District in Derbyshire to just inside the Scottish border. Other trails go further, but it is known as the most challenging. Some people see this trail as an opportunity to take a pleasant day's hike on a small section of the route, but eighteen-year-old David Lemming saw it as a challenge. 'I'd come across a great account of hiking the whole trail, written a few years ago, and I was determined to do it myself. I didn't feel anxious - I was just excited to get going!

Things went perfectly for the first week. David was really enjoying the experience. Since many people use the trail, he was constantly meeting fellow hikers, so he never felt isolated. 'But then it got really stormy, he says, 'so a lot of people gave up. I could go for hours without seeing anyone at all. But as long as I had my mobile, I wasn't really worried about anything bad happening!

Unfortunately, something bad did happen. During a particularly heavy rain storm, David slipped in the mud and fell about ten metres down the hill. 'I realised I'd broken my arm immediately. Then I found that my mobile had fallen out of my pocket. And when I tried to get up to look for it, I couldn't stand up at all. My leg was injured too.’

All he could do was to shout for help. 'I yelled until my throat was sore, he says. 'And nothing happened. But then I saw a head at the top of the hill someone had heard me. A man came down, saw the state I was in and called for help. And really, that was the most amazing part of the whole  experience. At the hospital, even the doctors were impressed at how much of the trail I'd covered. I felt really proud!

1 The Pennine Way is

A the longest trail in Britain.

B located mainly in Scotland.

C not popular within experienced walkers.

D considered a difficult trail to walk.

2 Where did David get the idea of hiking the trail?

A From reading about it

B From his parents

C From hearing an account of it

D From being challenged by a friend

3 How did David get help after his accident?

A He called for help on his mobile.

B He spoke to a passer-by.

C He called out until someone heard him.

D He returned to the trail and found someone.

4 What is the best title for the article?

A A Foolish Adventure

B How a Mobile Saved a Boy's Life

C Near Tragedy, But No Regrets

D Fear and Tragedy on the Pennine Way

Breaking with problems

Revision: Student Book page 31

1 Complete the newspaper article with the words below.

(Hoàn thành bài báo với những từ dưới đây.)

Statistics show that the local police force has ¹ _____ crime by 15%. However, this fall has only affected ² _____crimes such as murder. The crime ³ _____for ⁴ _____crimes such as shoplifting has gone up. This crime ⁵ _____is affecting small shops and businesses. The police are working with shop owners to help them ⁶ _____crime. They want them to install security cameras and participate in other crime ⁷ _____efforts. Shopkeepers, however, are asking for more severe punishment for people who ⁸ _____crimes and break the law.

Robo-Cops

Police forces have always used technology to help them combat crime, but as collecting data and storing it becomes much easier, more and more police forces are using it to improve crime prevention and therefore to predict crime before it happens. 

A

Crime prevention software called PredPol helps the police predict where crimes are likely to occur. The software analyses years of data on the location, time and nature of crimes committed and predicts where and when crime is most likely to occur in the future. Police officers receive this information on the computers in their cars and they then spend more time in these areas. As a result, the increased police presence in these neighbourhoods has cut crime significantly. Crime figures for one area of Los Angeles, USA, were reduced by 12% in 2011 when police officers used crime prediction software. In the same year, burglaries were cut by 26% in Manchester, UK, using the same methods.

B

As well as software that predicts crime, companies are also developing technology that will help police patrols catch criminals before they can leave town. By combining information such as the places where crimes frequently take place with the routes that allow the fastest escape, computers will direct patrols to where they can arrest criminals.

C

However, although the makers of this technology claim it will help reduce crime rates, some people are not so sure. Not all crime is reported and if the police just focus on the neighbourhoods where most crime occurs, they will neglect others. Some experts claim that if police officers just pay attention to the information that has been stored in their devices, crime rates could actually rise in some areas.

Tạm dịch

Cảnh sát robot

Lực lượng cảnh sát luôn sử dụng công nghệ để giúp họ chống tội phạm, nhưng khi việc thu thập và lưu trữ dữ liệu trở nên dễ dàng hơn nhiều, ngày càng có nhiều lực lượng cảnh sát sử dụng công nghệ để cải thiện công tác phòng chống tội phạm và do đó dự đoán tội phạm trước khi nó xảy ra. 

A

Phần mềm phòng chống tội phạm có tên PredPol giúp cảnh sát dự đoán nơi tội phạm có thể xảy ra. Phần mềm phân tích dữ liệu trong nhiều năm về địa điểm, thời gian và tính chất của tội phạm đã xảy ra, đồng thời dự đoán địa điểm và thời điểm tội phạm có nhiều khả năng xảy ra nhất trong tương lai. Các sĩ quan cảnh sát nhận được thông tin này trên máy tính trong ô tô của họ và sau đó họ dành nhiều thời gian hơn ở những khu vực này. Kết quả là, sự hiện diện ngày càng tăng của cảnh sát ở những khu vực này đã làm giảm đáng kể tội phạm. Số liệu tội phạm tại một khu vực ở Los Angeles, Mỹ đã giảm 12% vào năm 2011 khi cảnh sát sử dụng phần mềm dự đoán tội phạm. Cùng năm đó, số vụ trộm đã giảm 26% ở Manchester, Vương quốc Anh, bằng cách sử dụng các phương pháp tương tự.

B

Cùng với phần mềm dự đoán tội phạm, các công ty cũng đang phát triển công nghệ giúp cảnh sát tuần tra truy bắt tội phạm trước khi chúng rời khỏi thị trấn. Bằng cách kết hợp các thông tin như những nơi thường xuyên xảy ra tội phạm với các tuyến đường cho phép trốn thoát nhanh nhất, máy tính sẽ chỉ đạo các cuộc tuần tra đến nơi chúng có thể bắt giữ tội phạm.

C

Tuy nhiên, mặc dù những người tạo ra công nghệ này khẳng định nó sẽ giúp giảm tỷ lệ tội phạm nhưng một số người lại không chắc chắn lắm. Không phải tất cả tội phạm đều được báo cáo và nếu cảnh sát chỉ tập trung vào những khu vực xảy ra nhiều tội phạm nhất, họ sẽ bỏ mặc những người khác. Một số chuyên gia cho rằng nếu cảnh sát chỉ chú ý đến thông tin được lưu trữ trong thiết bị của họ, tỷ lệ tội phạm thực sự có thể tăng lên ở một số khu vực.

2 Read the article. What problem could the technology mentioned in the article cause?

(Đọc bài viết. Công nghệ được đề cập trong bài viết có thể gây ra vấn đề gì?)

Reading Strategy

When matching questions with texts, remember the key words from these questions may not appear The same information may be expressed in differerent words.

(Chiến lược đọc

Khi nối câu hỏi với văn bản, hãy nhớ rằng các từ khóa trong những câu hỏi này có thể không xuất hiện. Thông tin giống nhau có thể được diễn đạt bằng những từ khác nhau.)

3 Read the Reading Strategy. Match paragraphs (A-C) with questions (1-6) below. Each paragraph may be matched with more than one question.

(Đọc Chiến lược đọc. Nối các đoạn văn (A-C) với các câu hỏi (1-6) bên dưới. Mỗi đoạn văn có thể được kết hợp với nhiều hơn một câu hỏi.)

Which paragraph mentions...

1 the disadvantages of a new technology?

2 successful results from new technology?

3 stopping criminals from getting away?

4 a reduction in UK crime?

5 police ignoring crime in some cases?

6 a possible increase in crime rates?