Đề tham khảo thi tốt nghiệp THPT - Đề số 10

The overall level of urbanization in Indonesia is low in relation to other countries that are at a comparable stage of economic growth. This can be explained by the phenomenon of nonpermanent, or “circular,” migration on Java and elsewhere: individuals from rural areas live and work in the cities, but they return to their homes at least once every six months. Nevertheless, although there is regional variation in urban growth rates, cities of every population size are growing rapidly.

The growth of the cities has not been accompanied by a parallel growth of industry. The outlook of much of the urban population is still rural. For example, large parts of the population, even in Jakarta, live in settlements that amount to urban kampongs (villages), maintaining rural customs. Urban dwellers generally have a higher standard of living than their rural counterparts, but the availability of adequate housing, potable water, and public transportation services has remained a critical concern.

Indonesia’s urban areas also display great social and economic diversity. The upper class consists of government officials, military officers, and business leaders with a Western orientation; the growing middle class includes civil servants, teachers, and other professionals, as well as skilled workers who typically must struggle to maintain their economic position; and the lower class comprises a larger number of minimally educated and unskilled laborers, traders, and other members of the informal economy who strongly identify with their villages and frequently move back and forth to engage in economic pursuits in both areas.

The significant rural migration rate in main cities makes them ethnically diverse. Jakarta is the most diverse. Many individuals born or raised there still refer to themselves as Batak, Javanese, or Minangkabau and use their local languages at home. These ethnic ties often are strengthened by trips to home villages during harvest time or Ramadan month.

(Adapted from https://www.britannica.com/Indonesia/Urban-settlement)

The loss of biodiversity on Earth is accelerating due to human-induced factors such as climate change and pollution. In response, both governments and conservation organizations are implementing various initiatives to protect wildlife and combat this alarming trend. Recently, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into conservation efforts has proven to be a game-changer, offering innovative solutions to mitigate the rapid decline of plant and animal species.

Illegal poaching remains one of the most significant threats to endangered species, particularly in forests and protected areas. Rangers, who are responsible for safeguarding these regions, often face immense challenges in monitoring vast landscapes. To support them, AI-powered cameras have been introduced in several national parks, enabling real-time tracking of wildlife and poachers. These advanced systems can detect illegal activities even in low-visibility conditions, such as at night, and send alerts to rangers within moments. Additionally, AI technology plays a critical role in identifying unauthorized vehicles or boats entering conservation zones.

Another major driver of biodiversity loss is the destruction of natural habitats. (I) Shifting environmental conditions often make it difficult for scientists to detect changes until substantial evidence emerges. (II) For example, in certain regions, the combined impact of economic development and climate change has drastically reduced water resources. (III) These issues have only come to light through the use of AI, which allows researchers to collect and analyze extensive data. (IV)

To effectively combat biodiversity loss, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Expanding the use of AI tools in wildlife protection can enhance monitoring and enforcement capabilities. Governments should also prioritize policies such as habitat restoration, stricter anti-poaching laws, and sustainable development practices. Public awareness campaigns can encourage community involvement, emphasizing the importance of preserving ecosystems. By leveraging advanced technologies and collective action, we can create a more sustainable future for all living organisms.